Business & Trade

Trade expansion can create more and better jobs. This paper revisits the linkages between trade and jobs, focusing on employment, labor incomes, and job activities across a large sample of countries and sectors over 1995 to 2018. The paper highlights several patterns found in the data, and explores…

This study reexamines the role of international trade and openness in fostering economic growth. The findings suggest that international trade has a positive and significant effect on gross domestic product per capita. The study therefore provides an enhanced empirical foundation for the…

Economic integration of the African continent rests on two pillars: the ratification of an ambitious trade agreement and massive investment in transportation infrastructure. A pan-African agreement, such as the African Continental Free Trade Area, would increase African countries’ exports by an…

Quality regulation has become the dominant instrument of trade policy. This paper examines the ways in which regulations and non-tariff measures like quotas affect the volume of trade, the allocation of trade between lower-income and higher-income exporting countries, and the sales concentration of…

Digitization is transforming the organization and geography of industries. An important effect of digitization on industrial organization is the emergence of global-scale modular ecosystems associated with specific classes of products, applications, and technologies. This case study of the mobile…